This article addresses why the rights of peasants and agrarian violencematter to justice promotion work that seeks to lay the groundwork forfuture peace and stability. Its central contention is that although rural peo-ple have participated in transitional justice processes, the field is yet toengage with peasants as a distinct social group, with the social, economic,and political issues they face, and with agrarian structures and processesthat underlie ongoing violence against them. The article argues that peas-ant rights and agrarian violence matter in light of four rural trends:Peasants in post-transition societies are routinely exposed to complex pat-terns of direct and indirect nonwar violence; justice interventions may beexpected in societies in which there have been large-scale agrarian pro-tests; the root causes of conflict are frequently located in structures andprocesses of agrarian change; and rural grievances associated with povertyand marginalization are facilitating and enabling the rise of authoritarianpopulism. The article reflects on the demands these trends create forresearch and practice, arguing that developing responses to agrarian vio-lence favors a radical, more transformative approach to agrarian justicethat engages with wider agrarian political economies and issues of classand gender.