In today's armed conflicts, cyber operations are increasingly used in support of and alongside kinetic operations. Several States have publicly acknowledged such use, and many more are developing military cyber capabilities as well as doctrines and policies that aim to establish national approaches and principles for the military uses of cyberspace. If the risk of civilian harm from military cyber operations is to be reduced, it is necessary to consider how it can be assessed and measured. This report presents the findings from an expert meeting convened by the ICRC in January 2020 to discuss these issues.

Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR). (2021). Avoiding civilian harm from military cyber operations during armed conflicts , ICRC https://biblioteca.corteidh.or.cr/adjunto/40202

Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR). Avoiding civilian harm from military cyber operations during armed conflicts , ICRC .  2021

Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR). Avoiding civilian harm from military cyber operations during armed conflicts .  Ginebra, Suiza :  ICRC .  2021